Rethabile
Maluke
Science
and technology policies and structures in Southern Africa: a discussion
of the concept of national system of innovation with reference to Malawi,
Namibia and South Africa.
The interface between science and technology and the
society has led to the notion of science as a social contract, in
which scientists, politicians and the general public are called upon
to acknowledge the urgency of using all fields of science and technology
to address human needs. Science and technology is used as an instrument
of change for a better quality of life and sustainable development
for the present and future generations. The object of science and
technology policies is to achieve specific development objectives.
It is thus imperative to adopt science and technology policies that
support the national development strategies. It is also important
to set up science and technology structures to facilitate the proper
functioning of the science and technology system.
Competitiveness constitutes one of the most important
challenges facing Southern Africa today. With globalization and the
expansion of world trade competition, it has become more difficult
for Southern African enterprise to keep up with the pace of technological
developments. In the light of these challenges, most countries are
driving towards the adoption of a national system of innovation (NSI)
to encourage the interaction of policies, research and development,
human resource development and industrial development.
The study is induced by major science and technology
set backs, which are common across countries in Southern Africa namely,
poor co-ordination mechanisms, poor science and technology infrastructure
and a lack of funding.
The study provides background information on the
theoretical framework of the concept of NSI. For the research method,
a qualitative research design was followed with content analysis of
existing documents. Published documents were used to provide information
on the three countries, which were used as case studies namely Malawi,
Namibia and South Africa. The main focus of the case studies is on
the following: an outline of the policy goals of each of the three
countries, the concept of the NSI as it is expressed by each of the
countries and the science and technology structures in the three countries.
The study identified poor co-ordination of science
and technology activities as the key problem of all three countries.
The structures differ slightly and in particular, the placement of
the management of science and technology determines the efficiency
of the system. The South African NSI is well established as its network
is strengthened by the National Advisory Council for Innovation and
the National Research and Development Strategy. Next is Namibia which
has a system in place, while Malawi is still at the initial stages
of setting up its NSI.
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