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Dr. Ken L. Pringle
Dr Ken Pringle joined
the then Department of Entomology and Nematology in January 1987. Previously
he had been working on pests of apples in the Fruit and Fruit Technology
Institute (now the Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij
Institute).
He and his students have worked on or are working on the biological control
of mites in apple orchards, the field biology and management of woolly
apple aphids (both arboreal and subterranean) in apple orchards, codling
moth mating disruption in apple orchards, developing sampling systems
for monitoring arthropod pest population levels in apple orchards and
vineyards and fruit fly behavior.
Biological
control of mites
There are two species of phytophagous mites in local fruit orchards, European
red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and the two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae).
During 1989 Galandromus occidentalis was imported fro California for the
biological control of these mites. This was not successful. At the same
time the glass house predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, was found
in apple orchards. This predator provided erratic biological control.
Its success depended on the succession of certain plants in the cover
during winter. Neoseiulus californicus appeared in apple orchards during
1994. It has provided excellent biological control in large areas of the
fruit industry ever since. More recently and indigenous predatory mite,
Euseius addoensis has also appeared.
Biology and
management of woolly apple aphid
Until recently little was known about the biology of woolly apple aphid,
Eriosoma lanigerum, under local conditions. It is present on apple tree
roots through out the year. However, there are activity peaks during spring
and autumn, when the roots are actively growing and taking up nitrogen
respectively. During spring crawlers migrate up the trunks of apple trees
in large numbers and colonise the leaf axils, where the form large, white
colonies. In about mid-summer a parasitic wasp, Aphelinus mali, parasitises
the aphids, providing a certain amount of biological control. The woolly
apple aphid colonies are reduced by the onset of the winter rains, but
a small number do survive throughout the winter. Under local conditions
reproduction is entirely parthenogenic. Subterranean populations are infected
by a variety of entomopathogenic fungi.
Codling moth
mating disruption
Local codling moth, Cydia pomonella, populations have developed high levels
of resistance to a variety of chemical sprays. However, mating disruption
using synthetic female sex pheromone combined with a reduced number of
chemical sprays provides good control. Locally mating disruption can not
be used alone, as it is adversely affected by the presence of gaps in
and between orchards, slopes and wind, all of which are present, especially
in the Elgin apple growing area. The success of the programme is dependant
on very careful monitoring using both pheromone-baited traps and regular
fruit damage assessments.
Sampling systems
for monitoring insect pests
At present two PhD students are working on evaluating and developing sampling
systems for monitoring arthropod pests. One is working in apple orchards
and the other in vineyards.
Fruit
fly behavior
A post doctoral student is studying the behavior of fruit flies as part
of a larger project on the used of the sterile insect technique (S.I.T.)
for controlling the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.
Present students
Marelize
De Villiers, PhD
Sampling systems for monitoring arthropod pests of vines.
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Leslie
Brown, PhD
Sampling systems for monitoring arthropod pests of apples.
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Junainta
Heunis, post doctoral
Fruit fly behavior.
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Finally
Relaxing on Changi airport, Singapore after an exhausting congress in
Australia (photo by Alicia Timm, PhD student).
| Publications
during the past 10 years |
| BOTHA, J.H. &
PRINGLE, K.L., 1995. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot
in deciduous fruit orchards of the Western Cape Province. Journal
of the South African Society of Horticultural Sciences 5, 51-54. |
| DRINKWATER, T.W.,
GILIOMEE J.H. & PRINGLE K.L., 1996. Development rates of the false
wireworm, Somaticus angulatus (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae),
at different temperatures. African Entomology 4, 21-24. |
| BLOMEFIELD, T.L.,
PRINGLE, K.L. & SADIE, A., 1997. Field observations on oviposition
of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linneaeus) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae),
in an unsprayed apple orchard in South Africa. African Entomology
5,319-336. |
| HOFMEYER, J.H. &
PRINGLE, K.L., 1998. Resistance of false codling moth, Cryptophlebia
leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to the chitin synthesis
inhibitor, trifulmuron. African Entomology 6, 373-375. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 1998.
The use of imidacloprid as a soil treatment for the control of Eriosoma
lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of the South
African Society of Horticultural Sciences 8, 55-56. |
| RENKEN, I. &
PRINGLE, K.L., 1998. Developmental biology of Amblyseius californicus
(McGregor) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), a predator of tetranychid mites,
at three temperatures. African Entomology 6, 41-45. |
| ACHIANO, K.A., GILIOMEE,
J.H. & PRINGLE, K.L. 1999. The use of ash from Aloe marlothii
Berger for the control of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored maize. African Entomology 7
169-172. |
| WALTON,
VM & PRINGLE KL, 1999. Effects of pesticides used on table grapes
on the mealybug parasitoid Coccidoxinoides peregrinus (Timberlake)
(Hymeoptera: Encyrtidae). South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture
20: 31-34. |
| GROVE T, GILIOMEE
JH & PRINGLE KL, 2000 Field evaluation of insecticides for the
control of citrus thrips Scirtothrips aurantii (Thysanoptera: Thripidae),
on mango. African Plant Protection 6: 9-15. |
| GROVE T, GILIOMEE
JH, PRNGLE KL, 2000. Treatment levels for citrus thrips, Scirtothrips
aurantii (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in mango orchards. African Plant
Protection 2000; 6(1): 17-20. |
| GROVE T, PRNGLE
KL, 2000. A sampling system for estimating population levels of the
citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
in mango orchards. African Entomology 8, 223-226. |
| HALLEEN F, HOLZ
G, PRINGLE KL, 2000. Resistance in Uninula necator to triazole fungicides
in South African grapevines. South African Journal of Enology and
Viticulture 21: 71-80. |
| GROVÉ, T,
GILIOMEE, JH & PRINGLE, KL, 2001. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species
associated with mango trees in South Africa. African Entomology 9,
153-162. |
| PRINGLE, KL, 2001.
Biological control of tetranychid mites in South African apple orchards.
Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress. RB Haliday,
DE Walter, HC Proctor, RA Norton and MJ Colloff Editors). CSIRO Publishing,
429-435. |
| WALTON, V.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L, 2001. Evaluation of the effects pf pesticides, used
on table grapes, on the mealybug parasite, Coccindoxenoides peregrinus
(Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). South African Journal of Enology
and Viticulture 22: 107-110. |
| DAMAVANDIAN, M.R.
& PRINGLE, K.L., 2002. development of a system for sampling population
levels of subterranean Eriosoma lanigerum (Homoptera: Aphididae) in
apple orchards. African Entomology 10, 341-344. |
| GROVÉ, T.,
GILIOMEE, J.H. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. The relationship between
citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), abundance
and fruit size in mango orchards. African Entomology 11: 39-48. |
| HEUNIS, J.M. &
PRINGLE K.L. 2003. The susceptibility of Apheinus mali (Haldeman),
a parasitoid of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), to pesticides used
in apple orchards in the Elgin area, Western Cape Provinvce, South
Africa. African Entomology 11: 91-95. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., EYLES,
D.K. & BROWN, L. 2003. Trends in codling moth activity in apple
orchards under mating disruption in the Elgin area, Western Cape Province,
South Africa. African Entomology 11: 65-75. |
| TEFERA T & K
PRINGLE. 2003. Germination, radial growth, and sporulation of Beauveria
bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates and their virulence to
Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at different temperatures.
Biocontrol Science and Technology 13: 699-704. |
| TEFERA, T. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. Effects of exposure method to Beauvaria bassiana
and conidia concentration on mortality, mycosis and sporulation in
cadavars of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 84: 90-95. |
| TEFERA, T. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. Food consumption by Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae) larvae infected with Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium
anisopliae and its effects of feeding natural versus artificial diets
on mortality and mycosis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 84: 220-225. |
| ENGELBRECHT, R.,
HOLZ, G. & PRINGLE K.L. 2004. Occurence of fruit decaying fungi
on adult male Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitus capitata) captured
in orchards and adjacent vineyards. South African Journal of Enology
and Viticulture 25: 48-53. |
| TEFERA, T. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. Mortality and maize leaf consumption of Chilo
partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae treated with Beauvaria bassiana
and Metarhizium anaisopliae. International Journal of Pest Management
50: 29-34. |
| TADELE TEFERA &
PRINGLE K.L. 2004. Evaluation of Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium
anisopliae for controlling Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
in maize. Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 849-853. |
| WALTON, V.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. A survey of mealybugs and associated natural enemies
in vinyards in the Wstern Cape Province, South Africa. South African
Journal of Enology and Viticulture 25: 23-25. |
| WALTON, V.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. Vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae), a key pest in South African vineyards. A review.
South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 25: 54-62. |
| WALTON, V.M., DAANE,
K.M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. Monitoring Planococcus ficus in South
African vineyards with sex pheromone-baited traps. Crop Protection
23(11) 1089-1096. |
McGEOGH, M.A. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. Science and advocacy: the GM debate in South Africa . South African Journal of Science 101: 7-9. |
TIMM, A.E., PRINGLE, K.L. & WARNICH, L. 2005. Genetic diversity of woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in the Western Cape , South Africa . Bulletin of Entomological Research 95: 187-191. |
WALTON, V.M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. Developmental biology of vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and its parasitoid Coccidoxinoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae). African Entomology 13: 143-147. |
HEUNIS, J.M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2006. Field biology of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Haldeman), in apple orchards in the Western Cape Province . African Entomology 14: 77-86. |
PRINGLE, K.L. & HEUNIS, J.M. 2006. Biological control of phytophagous mites in the Elgin area of South Africa using the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): a benefit-cost analysis. African Entomology 14: 113-121. |
PRINGLE, K.L.,2006. The use of economic thresholds in pest management systems: Apples in South Africa . South African Journal of Science (In Press. Accepted June 2006). |
| Congress
contributions: International & National |
| PRINGLE, K.L. 1995.
The role of the cover crop in biological control of mites using Phytoseiulus
persimilis in apple orchards in South Africa. European Journal of
Plant Pathology. Abstracts from XIII International Plant Protection
Congress, The Hague, The Netherlands, abstract No. 859. |
| BRINK, T., GILIOMEE,
J.H. & PRINGLE, K.L. 1996. The occurrence of citrus thrips,Scirtothrips
aurantii Faure, in mango orchards in South Africa and the resulting
implication for pest management. International Congress of Entomology,
Florence, Italy. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 1998.
Biological control of tetranychid mites in South African apple orchards.
10th International Congress of Acarology (invited lecture) (Canberra,
Australia). |
| ENGLEBRECHT, R.,
HOLZ, G. & PRINGLE, K.L., 2002. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis
capitata, as a vector of Botrytis cinerea, in neighbouring orchards
and vineyards. 6th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic
Importance, Stellenbosch. 6-10 May. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 2002.
Activity patterns of a local strain of the Mediterranean fruit fly,
Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann). 6th International Symposium on Fruit
Flies of Economic Importance, Stellenbosch. 6-10 May. |
| WALTON, V.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L., 2003. Evaluating the effectiveness of releases of the
vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) parasitoid, Coccidoxinoides perigrinus
in Western Cape Province vineyards, South Africa. Proceedings of 1st
International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, 524-532. |
| HEUNIS, J.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. Adult development and behavior of Mediterranean
fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) recorded
using digital photography at different constant temperatures. XXII
International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia.15-21 August,
2004. |
| PRINGLE, K.L. 2004.
The use of pheromone mating disruption for codling moth management
in apple orchards in the Elgin area of the Western Cape Province of
South Africa. XXII International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane,
Australia.15-21 August, 2004. |
| BRINK, T., GILIOMEE,
J.H. & PRINGLE, K.L., 1997. The occurrence of citrus thrips,Scirtothrips
aurantii Faure, in mango orchards in South Africa and the resulting
implication for pest management. Proceedings of the Joint Congress
of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa (11thcongress) and
the African Association of Insect Scientists (12thcongress), Stellenbosch,
104. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 1997.
Economic thresholds, statistical error rates, the environment and
reality. Proceedings of the Joint Congress of the Entomological Society
of Southern Africa (11thcongress) and the African Association of Insect
Scientists (12thcongress), Stellenbosch, 33. |
| PRINGLE KL &
BURGESS R., 1997. Monitoring and chemical control of woolly apple
aphid. Cape Pomological Association Crop Protection Seminar, Stellenbosch. |
PRINGLE K.L., 1997
Adverse effects of chemical products on predatory mites. Cape Pomological
Association Crop Protection Seminar, Stellenbosch.
BROWN, L. & PRINGLE K.L., 1999. Codling moth control in the Elgin
area during the 1990’s. Proceedings of the 12th Congress of
the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pietermaritzburg, Potchefstroom,
15 |
| DAMAVANDIAN, M.R.
& PRINGLE, K.L., 1999. Seasonal occurrence of subterranean woolly
apple aphid in apple orchards in South Africa. Proceedings of the
12th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,, Potchefstroom,
28. |
| HEUNIS, J. &
PRINGLE K.L., 1999 The biology of Eriosoma lanigerum (hausman) and
its natural enemy, Aphilinus mali (Hald.) in the Wester Cape Proceedings
of the 12th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,
Potchefstroom, 57. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 1999.
Biological control of phytophagous mites in apple orchards in the
Elgin area during the 1990’s. Proceedings of the 12th Congress
of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Potchefstroom, 94. |
| PRINGLE K.L. 1998.
The importance of monitoring pest populations: Research perspective.
Cape Pomological Association Crop Protection Seminar, Stellenbosch. |
| DE VILLIERS, M.
& PRINGLE, K.L., 2001 Relationships between moth taxonomy and
their pheromone components. Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the
Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pietermaritzburg, 85. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 2001.
Activity patterns of a local strain of the Mediterranean fruit fly,
Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann). Proceedings of the 13th Congress of
the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pietermaritzburg, 53. |
| HEUNIS, J.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L., 2002. A sampling system for monitoring aerial populations
of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum. CPA Technical Symposium,
Stellenbosch. 3rd May. |
| PRINGLE, K.L. &
BROWN, L., 2002. Monitoring and decision-making for codling moth management
in apples. CPA Technical Symposium, Stellenbosch. 3rd May. |
| PRINGLE, K.L. 2002.
Activity patterns of Mediterranean fruit flies. Second Southern African
Citrus Research Symposium, Stellenbosch, 23rd-25th July. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 2002.
Principles of monitoring insect pest populations. Symposium of the
Association for Vegetables Under Protection, Stellenbosch. 5th to
6th November. |
| PRINGLE, K.L., 2002.
Principles of monitoring insect pest populations in greenhouses. Greenhouse
Crop Production Workshop, Stellenbosch, 11th-15th November. |
| BROWN, L. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. The development of an electronic Pest monitoring
system and database for deciduous fruit producers with potential GPS/GIS
application. Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Entomological
Society of Southern Africa, Pretoria, 37. |
| DeVILLIERS, M. &
PRINGLE K.L. 2003. The sweep net as a monitoring tool for pests on
lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in the Western Cape Proceedings of the
14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pretoria,
21. |
| HENRICO, D., ADDISON,
M. & PRINGLE, K. 2003. Comparison between the emergence pattern
of codling moth in a chemically treated and untreated orchard. Proceedings
of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,
Pretoria, 92. |
| PRINGLE, K.L. &
WALTON, V.M. 2003. Case studies on the release of biological control
agents in the deciduous fruit industry in the Western Cape. Proceedings
of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,
Pretoria, 65. |
| HEUNIS, J.M. &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. The management of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma
lanigerum (Hausmann), in apple orchards in the Elgin area. Proceedings
of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,
Pretoria, 37. |
| PRINGLE, K.L. &
HEUNIS, J.M. 2003. Biological control of mites in apple orchards in
the Elgin area using the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor).
Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern
Africa, Pretoria, 37. |
| TADELE TEFERA &
PRINGLE, K.L. 2003. Pathogenicity of some entomopathogenic fungi against
the stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Proceedings
of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,
Pretoria, 72. |
| TIMM, A.E., PRINGLE, K.L. & WARNICH, L. 2003. Genetic diversity of root infesting woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Homoptera: Aphididae), in the Western Cape. Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, Pretoria, 105. |
WALTON, V . M. & PRINGLE, K.L., 2003. Evaluating the effectiveness of releases of the vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) parasitoid, Coccidoxinoides perigrinus in Western Cape Province vineyards, South Africa . Proceedings of 1 st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, 524-532. |
HEUNIS, J.M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. Adult development and behavior of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) recorded using digital photography at different constant temperatures. XXII International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane , Australia.15-21 August, 2004. |
PRINGLE, K.L. 2004. The use of pheromone mating disruption for codling moth management in apple orchards in the Elgin area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. XXII International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane , Australia.15-21 August, 2004. |
BROWN, L. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. Anomalies in Helicoverpa armigera micro-distribution in apple orchards. Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 11. |
DeVILLIERS, M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. Temporal and spatial distribution of spider mites and their predators in vineyards in the Hex River Valley . Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 16-17. |
DeVILLIERS, M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. Monitoring insect and mite pests in vineyards. Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 17. |
HEUNIS, J.M. & PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. The effects of temperature on Aphelinus mali and the implications for inoculative releases for the biological control of Eriosoma lanigerum. Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 32-33. |
HOBOLOLO, V.L., PRINGLE, K.L. & GEERTSEMA, H. 2005. Survival of Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in commercial hosts in the Western Cape province, South Africa . Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 33-34. |
PRINGLE, K.L. 2005. The use of economic thresholds with apple production as an example. South Africa . Proceedings of the 15 th Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , Grahamstown, 66-67. |
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