The virtue of liberality, or the ruler's generosity to either the people or the army, was personified by the image of Liberalitas. Her attributes include cornucopiae; a coin dispenser; a tessera (an accounting board) - a tablet that specifies the quantity of items (money, tokens) to be dispensed to individuals; a sceptre. Sometimes, as displayed below right, on the dupondius of Trajan Decius, Liberalitas appears alone as reverse type - standing, she usually holds a cornucopia and an accounting board for the distribution of money. She frequently appears on the reverse in distribution scenes where the emperor makes a special donative (also called congiarium or liberalitas - i.e. on the coinage of Nero and Hadrian respectively, with the former term being replaced by the latter during the second century. |
A typical distribution scene usually portrays the emperor, sometimes both emperors (i.e. Marcus Aurelius and Commodus on the reverse of the sestertius displayed above left) seated on curule chairs on a raised platform. They are often attended by either an officer (civil donative) or a soldier (military donative) in the background. Liberalitas usually stands on the raised platform holding a coin dispenser and cornucopia. In front of the platform the recipient (citizen or soldier) mounts steps, extending his hand or fold of toga to receive the gift. |